Tue
Sep 12 2006
10:43 am
By: Andy Axel

More news for the unhip and uncool. It looks like Oak Ridge is on the short list to become an intermediate storage facility for "consolidation and preparation" of commercial, high-level radioactive waste.

Tucked inside the $31.2 billion Senate version of the FY '07 Energy and Water Appropriations Bill is a provision that could cast the spotlight of controversy, once again, on Oak Ridge and America's commercial nuclear waste.

The provision, known as Section 313, would require the Secretary of Energy to designate a site in each state containing a civilian nuclear reactor for the "consolidation and preparation" of spent nuclear fuel, and authorize him to designate a "regional" CAP facility, should he determine that such a facility would be in the "national interest."

If this sounds vaguely familiar, it should — it is similar to a Department of Energy proposal 20 years ago to construct a "Monitored Retrievable Storage" or "MRS" facility, in Oak Ridge, for the "temporary" storage of spent fuel from reactors across the country, pending the completion of a permanent repository.

[snip]

...the Oak Ridge City Council voted recently to apply for a $5 million grant from the Department of Energy to study the feasibility of conducting spent fuel reprocessing activities at the industrial complex formerly known as "K-25."

Whether or not a CAP facility is authorized, the prospect of reprocessing spent nuclear fuel in Oak Ridge could result in a long-term commitment to hosting nuclear waste in Tennessee.

R. Neal's picture

Interesting that there's

Interesting that there's nothing about this in the KNS.

At one time it was one of the most contaminated places on earth. There has been extensive cleanup activity (costing taxpayers $billions) but there are still problems.

They've already shipped a bunch of the nastiest stuff from Oak Ridge to Nevada. If I'm not mistaken, they're burying lots more of the lower level waste on site. And it seems like you read about another accident, spill, or cost overrun on the cleanup projects every few weeks, making one wonder if they are up to the task of taking on any more.

Andy Axel's picture

They've already shipped a

They've already shipped a bunch of the nastiest stuff from Oak Ridge to Nevada.

And this was military rad-waste, right? I thought most of that went either to Hanford WA or Savannah River. Anyway.

This stuff would be coming in from civilian reactors (a number of them regionally located TVA & Duke Energy plants, no doubt). Depleted fuel rods & the like.

My understanding is that the long-term storage facility at Yucca Mountain is far behind schedule, and will not begin storing civilian radioactive materials until the year 2017. I suspect that date will probably slip again.

____________________________

On tops of mountains, as everywhere to hopeful souls, it is always morning. --H. Thoreau

Frothy Gillster's picture

Also from the article:

We can start by having a frank discussion, characterized by openness on all sides, about all of the issues surrounding nuclear energy, including nuclear waste. Only a completely open and honest discussion, fully accountable to the public, can address public perceptions of risk associated with nuclear energy, and whether or not the risks are outweighed by benefits in the long-run.

We have to make some hard choices about energy. Solar and wind are wonderful, and need to be exploited, but they are not going to provide terawatts in the near future. If we are serious about fighting global warming, nuclear power needs to grow.

I'm not an apologist for Oak Ridge. But nuclear waste is not an evil boogyman, its an engineering challenge that needs to be responsibly solved. We have the technology, just not the political maturity. I would like to be part of the fight for accountability and oversight.

Merely being "against" mountaintop removal mining, nuclear power, and foreign oil dependance isn't a stand, it's leftist political theatre.

From today's Times:

(link...)

Andy Axel's picture

Merely being "against"

Merely being "against" mountaintop removal mining, nuclear power, and foreign oil dependance isn't a stand, it's leftist political theatre.

Merely characterizing legitimate concerns about waste disposal, disastrous real-world experience with mining practices, and the state of the nuclear power industry is often the first negotiation in bad faith on the part of an industry which has not thoroughly demonstrated responsibility, transparency, accountability, nor maturity.

...nuclear waste is not an evil boogyman, its an engineering challenge that needs to be responsibly solved. We have the technology, just not the political maturity.

All due respect, there's a bigger question there, and it's a question of trust. And "Trust Us, We've Solved The Problems" isn't going to fly, especially coming from the mouth of the engergy industry. It's never been a question of whether or not we could. We have had the technology for years (isolation, glassification, separation, burial, etc.). The will to apply it, especially in the face of the almighty Profit Motive, has been the issue.

Engineers have often been seriously wrong when it comes to "responsibly" solving the demands of handling environmental hazards. Let me rattle off a few examples: Zortman-Landusky cyanide heap-leach mining. Reserve Mining Company's taconite disposal in Lake Superior. The coal-refuse dam at Buffalo Creek, WV. The continuing saga of SOx loading in the Tennessee Valley, courtesy of TVA. The production of methyl isocyanate at Bhopal, India. Kepone dumping at Minamata, Japan.

The continuing experience with the production of nuclear materials at Hanford, ORNL, INEL, Savannah River, Rocky Flats, and Oak Ridge hasn't been spotless and shining, either.

For years, the civil engineering mantra for "responsible waste management" was "dilution is the solution to pollution." Never mind that you have agents which are teratogenic in dosages measured in parts per million. Never mind how biomagnification might have an impact. It took a long time for engineers to get past their arrogance in this practice.

Sure, in many cases, those lessons have been learned, but how much are they heeded? How often are they applied? How much resistance is there to environmental compliance as a necessity?

Maturity cuts both ways. Many environmentalists have sound science on their side as well (I'll cite Rachel Carson as one example of someone who even today continues to be utterly demonized for her work, even though the historic record has long since vindicated her), and it's unfair to lump all concerns together as leftist theatre.

If we are serious about fighting global warming, nuclear power needs to grow.

Find a group of investors who'll bank that project.

Forget technology -- that will be your biggest challenge.

____________________________

On tops of mountains, as everywhere to hopeful souls, it is always morning. --H. Thoreau

redmondkr's picture

Nuclear power can be a boon,

Nuclear power can be a boon, but it is very, very unforgiving.  There is no room for people placed in positions of authority simply because they contributed great amounts to election campaigns or because they are so-and-so's brother-in-law.  That is one of my worst fears about the technology after spending 33 years working for USAEC, USERDA, and DOE contractors.  One must have impeccable credentials to safely "tickle the dragon's tail".

Nuclear power, whether by fission or the Holy Grail, fusion, will be the only practical way to power the voracious appetite of America for a long time and still allow us to breathe.

Building new plants with fly-by-night contractors who cut corners or fudge on specifications and/or operating them on the cheap will get us another Chernobyl or worse.

There will always be abundant amounts of energy in America for those who can afford it.  I believe nuclear fission can provide safe power at reasonable cost for the rest of us.  I also believe that Mr. Bush was well-advised to push a renewed effort to start building more plants.  The only problem I have with this idea is the fact that he and his ilk would place the whole apparatus under the care of a Michael Brown, or a Victor Ashe, or a Bill Frist, or a Katherine Harris, or a Tom DeLay, or a Jeff Gannon, or a (add your own bozo here).  Fortunately, new plants can't possibly come on line before we put the W back in CraWford.

 

Andy Axel's picture

(add your own bozo

(add your own bozo here)

Spencer Abraham? Jeff Skilling?

____________________________

On tops of mountains, as everywhere to hopeful souls, it is always morning. --H. Thoreau

Andy Axel's picture

But again

This point which Redmondkr brings up circles back to the article which I excerpted in the first place, viz:

The provision, known as Section 313, would require the Secretary of Energy to designate a site in each state containing a civilian nuclear reactor for the "consolidation and preparation" of spent nuclear fuel, and authorize him to designate a "regional" CAP facility, should he determine that such a facility would be in the "national interest."

(op. cit.)

More detail here.

This provision empowers bureaucrats to make the final decisions.

Am I holding out hope for enlightened decisionmaking on the part of the Bredesen administration in concert with DOE? Not bloody likely.

____________________________

On tops of mountains, as everywhere to hopeful souls, it is always morning. --H. Thoreau

Frothy Gillster's picture

All due respect, there's a

All due respect, there's a bigger question there, and it's a question of trust.

Amen. Our government shamelessly lies, and doesn't suffer any repercussions when caught. We can't trust them. If Halliburton and GE got a contract for a new nuke plant I be trying to talk people into laying in front of the bulldozers. (I'd do it myself, of course, but I've got this bad back you see...)

I'd at least take a zap from the new USAF crowd control microwave beam.

I didn't mean to sound preachy, I'm just bitter. Because the waste disposal was paid for, it was taxed into nuke power, and supposed to be put into a 'lockbox' that would pay for stable long term storage. Yucca is long term stable on geological time scales. But the money got spent, in lawsuits, in mismanagement, in clean ups, you name it.

It could possibly have something to do with the fact that my BS & MS was in nuclear engineering (Purdue '95 & '97 - haven't worked in the field for years) and I was once such an idealist. I don't understand why we can't solve the problem politcally when the French can.

Although they bicker about waste too.

Fighting the objections of technical experts who argued it would increase costs, Bataille introduced the notions of reversibility and stocking. Waste should not be buried permanently but rather stocked in a way that made it accessible at some time in the future. People felt much happier with the idea of a "stocking center" than a "nuclear graveyard". Was this just a semantic difference? No, says Bataille. Stocking waste and watching it involves a commitment to the future.

But at the end of the day we still have to make choices. I'm not an alarmist by nature; we usually solve almost any problem soon after it becomes clearly profitable to do so. But global warming terrifies me, precisely because by the time we recognize the economic incentive, it will be too late. I would rather risk mishandled nuclear waste than the loss of the ocean currents and the jet stream.

But yeah, I'm not going to get a plant funded anytime soon, so I'll quit typing now and get some coffee. Thanks for responding.

Andy Axel's picture

I didn't mean to sound

I didn't mean to sound preachy, I'm just bitter... It could possibly have something to do with the fact that my BS & MS was in nuclear engineering (Purdue '95 & '97 - haven't worked in the field for years) and I was once such an idealist.

Well, ditto. My degree was in environmental studies (Kansas U. cum laude '91; emphasis on public administration & land use planning) and I haven't worked in the field since 1993. I dug pretty deep into the question of nukes versus coal generation (I concede that these are the only viable means to generate the terawatts needed by this society as of now) and ran into all of these questions back then. For me, it's not a question of leftist ideology; it's a question of human fallibility in practice (more on this in a minute).

I do believe that many of the concerns about nuclear energy can be effectively managed by sound engineering, but unfortunately, they're only one part of the equation. There's management, investors, & bureaucrats layered on top of them.

Because the waste disposal was paid for, it was taxed into nuke power, and supposed to be put into a 'lockbox' that would pay for stable long term storage. Yucca is long term stable on geological time scales. But the money got spent, in lawsuits, in mismanagement, in clean ups, you name it.

Well, Nevada kinda took it in the shorts on that deal, too. If I recall my thesis properly, Yucca was legislatively declared the best option in Congressional committee while the Nevada delegation wasn't present. You see the same approach being taken in "regulatory streamlining" and it's rather disturbing.

You have to concede that the NIMBYism inherent in nuclear disposal is understandable, though. Politically, no one wants the next Times Beach plopped in their jurisdiction.

In some ways, it's ironic. The nuclear boogeyman was largely a creature of the Cold War. People were programmed to be terrified of the power of the atom. It's sort of difficult to get ordinary folk to parse one radiological hazard from the other, and the spectre of cancer will scare the bejeezus out of any thinking and feeling individual.

But at the end of the day we still have to make choices. I'm not an alarmist by nature; we usually solve almost any problem soon after it becomes clearly profitable to do so. But global warming terrifies me, precisely because by the time we recognize the economic incentive, it will be too late. I would rather risk mishandled nuclear waste than the loss of the ocean currents and the jet stream.

The Greenhouse Effect was something I didn't fully appreciate when I was investigating The Great Atomic Power (hat tip Ira Louvin). In my own defense, that was 15 years ago and a lot of science has come forth since that time in this regard.

That said, I think you're absolutely correct. I'm reading an especially well-written book by Jared Diamond called Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. I'm fast coming to the conclusion that the global human community may just be facing -- on an unprecedented scale -- the sorts of accumulated crises which led to the disappearance of peoples throughout history. I'm not done with the book yet, but I'm beginning to see the common thread.

Chaos (if you believe in such things) teaches us that infinitely complex patterns are essentially the same no matter what the magnification is. So what happens at the community level, e.g., is repeated at the state level, which is repeated at the national level, which is repeated at the global level. Anyway... as human culture becomes increasingly global, the entire human population is hitched to the same, Leviathan consumptive wagon. And no matter what human population you have, you need water, you need fuel, you need food (this is all rudimentary Malthus study here). As populations become more dense, the demand for these things increases, so the consumption of resources continues. At some point, environmental factors may have cascade effects which can wipe out entire populations. Take the Easter Island Polynesians as one example; they completely deforested their habitat to make fire and to erect those mysterious heads. And that was a society with limited technology and a couple thousand people.

Now, just extrapolate this and consider what the human population of seven billion is up to, and liken our consumption of energy resources (at a global level) to an island community using up its limited resources.

What do you think the Easter Islanders thought when they cut down the last tree?

...by the time we recognize the economic incentive, it will be too late.

Yep. And we have no experience, as a global population, of an environmental shift which can dramatically affect our ability to, well, live.

I'm no alarmist either, but the prospect is pretty stark.

(I hope this all makes sense; I'm pretty much putting this all together based on some very recent digestion of info.)

____________________________

On tops of mountains, as everywhere to hopeful souls, it is always morning. --H. Thoreau

R. Neal's picture

Informed debate and

Informed debate and dissertations such as this are why KnoxViews isn't hip or cool. Which is pretty cool, if you ask me.

Frothy Gillster's picture

Calling this a debate

Calling this a debate is charitable.

Andy has smoothly co-opted my good points, leaving behind my silly ones ('it's leftist political theatre') to shuffle around in mute embarassment. I brought a knife to a gun fight.

Dusting myself off, I guess my position is this. I want spent nuclear fuel to be treated at Oak Ridge. The risk (inevitability?) of mismanagent is formidible, but I'm more afraid of the status quo of letting nuclear power continue to languish. The upside of NIMBYism is less apathy, motivating oversight.

One of my favorite aspects of decentralized political activism is the potential for novel alliances between obstensibly different camps. A recent example of this is the Porkbusters project, tackling goverment waste from the left and right. In the past, I feel there has been poor communication between environmental activists and technocrats. I wonder if an attitude of Bring it on, but we're watching! is something both sides could get behind.

And thanks for the book reccommendation. Its on the list.

rikki's picture

engineering vs. ideology

I thought your "leftist political theater" remark was apt. Usually it is the right that clings to absolutist claptrap well beyond the point of rationality, but with nuclear power, otherwise rational lefties lose their capacities.

It's ironic that utilities are restarting old reactors subject to sabotage and meltdowns if enough goes wrong, while new pellet-fuel, gas-cooled designs that can not melt down remainexperimental. Spent fuel and irradiated waste are still the problem they have always been with new reactor designs, but the threat of another Chernobyl or Three Mile Island has essentially been engineered away.

Likewise, the endless legal battles over where to store nuclear waste passed absurdity long ago. Instead of moving wastes to the deep shafts we've spent billions constructing under Yucca Mt while we hunt for better disposal options, nuclear waste lingers at lots and lots of undersecured facilities never intended for long-term storage. Forestalling major improvements because they are not perfect is irrational. We should be shipping waste to Nevada, not retrofitting storage facilities at Oak Ridge and dozens of other nuclear sites, and we should be building modern reactors that won't blow up to replace first-generation plants.

Meanwhile, we need to vigorously pursue the types of reforms metulj alludes to when he notes that alternative-fuel solutions fail to address our underlying energy gluttony. It is that gluttony what makes anti-nuclear purity impossible.

Much like sexual prudishness prevents anti-abortion activists from pursuing the path toward maximum reductions in the number of abortions, anti-nuclear purity prevents many environmentalists from finding the optimal path to reduced emissions. 

rikki's picture

But who will sweep up the

But who will sweep up the radioactive waste we've already created?

Andy Axel's picture

It's ironic that utilities

It's ironic that utilities are restarting old reactors subject to sabotage and meltdowns if enough goes wrong, while new pellet-fuel, gas-cooled designs that can not melt down remain experimental.

Given the current return on investment in nuclear power, I find little irony here at all.

No one wants to incur the expense for negative returns. If you were to pitch a startup power plant project today, someone would probably call for the shepherd's hook.

I am not anti-nuke, but if pernicious uses of energy, namely sinking energy into poor landuse practices, don't change, then no matter how clean, safe and wonderful those gas-cooled pebble reactors are, its a wash in terms of ecological benefit because there will still be a need for infrastructure to support these landuses and, frankly, even that infrastructure is predicated on the notion of a carbon energy budget.

Reminds me, I need to dust off my old Amory Lovins books....

____________________________

On tops of mountains, as everywhere to hopeful souls, it is always morning. --H. Thoreau

rikki's picture

No one wants to incur the

No one wants to incur the expense for negative returns. If you were to pitch a startup power plant project today, someone would probably call for the shepherd's hook.

There is a company called NuStart developing blueprints, permit applications, the whole nine yards for three new reactors in the Southeast.

The costs that push nuclear power toward negative returns stem from three sources: 1) immature technology with catastrophic risk, 2) endless litigation, 3) security and regulatory costs. The security and regulatory costs are inherent and must be part of the business model and operational culture. New designs manage the risk and should exempt power generators from having to formulate evacuation plans and fund road and bridge improvements to handle an emergency exodus.

The litigation that won't stop revolves around waste disposal. We can control those costs by settling for the best we can do right now, which is Yucca Mt, mainly because it's already built. Nevada was happy to take the construction and engineering contracts; fuck them. Storing waste in that uberpit is safer, cheaper and saner than letting it accumulate in backlots behind cooling towers while cross-eyed lawyers jerk off over dotted t's.

Much like sane drug policy takes the criminal element out of a health problem, sane nuclear policy takes cost overruns out of the technology.

We are nowhere near the sustainable endpoint we need to arrive at, so it is a poor guidepost for our next step. As a first priority, we should keep nuclear power in the energy budget until all the warheads have been downblended and fizzled into waste, and some saner future world full of decent, competent people can declare enrichment unneeded and fission obsolete. We're still in the asylum.

redmondkr's picture

I predicted in the

I predicted in the mid-nineties that America would wake up to the fact that the rest of the civilized world was recognizing the viability of responsible nuclear power and that we would begin a belated catch-up program sometime around the turn of the century.  I was wrong; a period of relatively cheap fossil fuels put that need onto a back burner.

Now it's back, coupled with the threat of carbon emissions turning our only refuge into a greenhouse.

I saw incompetent bureaucrats in charge of important projects before the Bush administration came to power, but this bunch has now elevated the practice to  epidemic proportions.

Mr. Bush made a statement in his 9/11 speech the other night that is one of the few with which I can agree when he said, "We are safer now than we were on 9/11/01".

Yes, Mr. Bush, we may be, if only because we are now five years closer to your retirement. 

Andy Axel's picture

One of the problems with his

One of the problems with his work is that he focuses on islands which are semi-closed systems, but the thesis still bears examining on a global scale, IMHO.

That's what occurred to me when I started thinking about how Easter Island or the Anasazi would be relevant to North America or Western Europe or greater Asia.

The main difference is scale.

It took a matter of less than half of a millenium for the Anasazi to wipe themselves out. Pretty much the same holds true for Easter.

Ultimately, how does a modern, "first world" society operate without fossil fuel?

Answer: It doesn't.

It can't support its massive suburbanized cities, it can't readily move people from place to place, it can't provide climate control for its least habitable cities, it can't move water from the mountains to the desert for same, it can't even grow enough food to feed its own population, much less providing surplus food supplies for ethanol, Frankenfood, or meat production (all dependent on corn monoculture). The result will be a massive contraction in the size and scope of both the cities and of the country, and we probably won't get there without civil war or martial law.

This isn't even taking into account how the landscape might be altered by rising sea levels or by a dissipated jet stream. Talk about your nightmare scenarios. It makes Mad Max look like Uncle Remus.

____________________________

On tops of mountains, as everywhere to hopeful souls, it is always morning. --H. Thoreau

Andy Axel's picture

the natural reaction of that

the natural reaction of that same political economy is to attempt to apply a neoliberal approach to dealing with the problem by finding 'alternatives'

I already have dibs on Les Jones' cache of jerry jugs.

____________________________

On tops of mountains, as everywhere to hopeful souls, it is always morning. --H. Thoreau

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